Shimozono M, Oishi A, Hata M, Matsuki T, Ito S, Ishida K, et al. The significance of cone outer segment tips as a prognostic factor in epiretinal membrane surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:698–704. Much like the red studs, these are in place to help drivers know where the lines between the third lane and the central reservation are in low light and difficult weather conditions. White In addition to EIFL, frequency of cystoid macular changes, ellipsoid disruption, and the cotton ball sign significantly increased from stage 1 through stage 4 in the study by Govetto et al. [ 22]. Similarly, in our study, the rate of cystoid changes, cotton ball sign, and disruption of the ellipsoid zone increased with increasing stage of ERM. However, whereas neither the presence of cystoid changes nor the cotton ball sign had a significant effect on BCVA, disruption of the ellipsoid zone was associated with significantly higher BCVA values in logMAR. On the other hand, none of these SD-OCT findings were found to be an independent predictor of visual acuity in a multivariate linear regression model. In eyes with ERM, disruption of the ellipsoid zone has been reported to be negatively correlated with visual outcomes in multiple studies [ 14, 31]. However, in our study, we did not find a correlation between disruption of the ellipsoid zone and visual acuity, probably due to the small number of patients with ellipsoid zone disruption. Govetto A, Virgili G, Rodriguez FJ, Figueroa MS, Sarraf D, Hubschman JP. Functional and anatomical significance of the ectopic inner foveal layers in eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membranes: surgical results at 12 months. Retina. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001940. This was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 242 consecutive eyes of 121 patients (mean age: 69.7 ± 7.3 years, male to female ratio: 62:59) with unilateral idiopathic ERM were evaluated in a single institution between December 2016 and December 2017. The exclusion criteria were secondary ERM (due to diabetic retinopathy, venous occlusion, retinal tear, retinal detachment, uveitis, trauma); eyes with pseudoholes, lamellar holes, or opaque media; glaucoma; history of intraocular surgery (except uncomplicated cataract surgery); uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension; coexisting age-related macular degeneration; nicotine abuse; and refractive errors above −2 and +2 diopters.

When children enter Year 4 and Year 5, they will begin to identify multiple lines of symmetry in 2D shapes. Pupils will understand that some shapes have more than one line of symmetry. Pupils in Year 4 will also be asked to draw these patterns. Ng CH, Cheung N, Wang JJ, Islam AF, Kawasaki R, Meuer SM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for epiretinal membranes in a multi - ethnic United States population. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:694–9. Gass JDM. Macular dysfunction caused by epiretinal membrane contraction. In: Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases: diagnosis and treatment. Vol. 2, 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1997, p. 938–950. When researchers are working on a project they will often think about they way they are working and how it could be improved as well as considering different approaches to achieve their research goal. They will often record this in some way such as in a lab book and this questioning approach is a form of reflective writing. 6. In academic writingShapes and patterns can have many different lines of symmetry. This all depends on how many times the shape can be folded in half, yet still remain the same on both sides. A circle, for example, has an infinite number of lines of symmetry because there are more ways of folding it in half than there are of counting. Other shapes, like a love heart, can only be folded in half one way. Itoh Y, Inoue M, Rii T, Hirota K, Hirakata A. Correlation between foveal cone outer segment tips line and visual recovery after epiretinal membrane surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:7302–8. In the third lane, you may see amber coloured reflective studs. These show the line that shouldn’t be crossed into the central reservation.

The presence of microcystoid retinal changes or the cotton ball sign had no significant effect on BCVA ( p = 0.548 and 0.861, respectively). However, eyes with EIFL or disruption of the ellipsoid zone were associated with significantly higher BCVA values in logMAR ( p< 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively) (Table 2). Engineers use reflection lines to judge a surface's quality. Reflection lines reveal surface flaws, particularly discontinuities in normals indicating that the surface is not C 2 {\displaystyle CWatanabe K, Tsunoda K, Mizuno Y, Akiyama K, Noda T. Outer retinal morphology and visual function in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:172–7. Students going into Year 5 will be taught how to reflect shapes and patterns using an axis - they may be given half of the shape and to draw the other or, given the full shape and asked to reflect it over onto the other side. For an art activity using mirrors, children might also get a lot out of this Frida Kahlo Inspired Self-Portrait Activity. Following her accident, Frida’s scope of vision was limited from where she lay in bed, so she requested a mirror be placed on the ceiling over her. This way, she could see herself and draw and paint lots of self-portraits. As well as teaching your child about symmetry, these challenge cards can be used to support the development of fine motor skills as well as visual coordination. This exercise will test their accuracy, focus and is an excellent, hands-on way for them to learn all about reflective symmetry and how it works.

This is especially important in areas with a high speed limit, as drivers may not have time to react to sudden changes in the road if they don’t spot them in time. The reflective studs help drivers to spot these changes in the road ahead and adjust their speed accordingly. Pupils will then begin to carry on through Year 3 and learn more about the topic of symmetry. Children will be asked to sort shapes in different polygons, ones that are symmetrical and non-symmetrical. Reflective symmetry is where a shape or pattern is reflected in a mirror line or a line of symmetry. The shape that has been reflected will be the same as the original, it should also be the same size and it will be the same distance away from the mirror. What is Rotational symmetry? Mori K, Gehlbach PL, Sano A, Deguchi T, Yoneya S. Comparison of epiretinal membranes of differing pathogenesis using optical coherence tomography. Retina. 2004;24:57–62. Use these differentiated worksheets to help your children develop their understanding of how to draw a shape reflected in a horizontal or vertical mirror line.This resource is also available in Scottish Gaelic. Perfect for Gaelic learners! What is reflective symmetry?